# Please refactor the code.
Use the techniques described in "Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code" by Martin Fowler for the refactoring process.
1. Select and list only the techniques from "Refactoring" that can be effectively applied to the issues in this code, using the format `English: 日本語`.
2. Write the improved code using the listed techniques to address the identified issues.
## Code
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